The works brought together in this recording, most of which date from the period during which the Renaissance gradually gave place to the Baroque age, can be seen to belong to a repertoire of music whose two key words were “uplift” and “splendor.” In the short Christmas pieces the original polyphonic vocal works by Raseluius, Eccard, Demantius, Scheidt and Praetorius are presented without the alteration of a single note, merely a change of tone color; these are joined by homophonic arrangements for wind instruments of popular Christmas songs (“Stille Nacht”, “Kommet ihr Hirten”, “Still weil’s Kindlein schlafen will”). Both groups of pieces belong to the category of sacred “tower music”, which has retained its vitality right down to our own time, and is especially cultivated by amateur ensembles during Advent. The musical culture which flourished in German cities gave rise to the instrumental works of Hassler and Pezel, while the pieces written for several antiphonal groups of instruments by Gabrieli, Viadana, Bartolino, and Gussago demonstrate close links with the type of composition which had originated in Venice and which was marked by spatial effects — making use of the acoustical properties of the building. The use in these recordings of four trumpets and four trombones (two instruments closely related in their etymonogy, history, construction and usage) calls for some explanation of the functions of the trumpet in those days.
The “knightly, heroic” trumpeters, who belonged in the sphere of court and military life,
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Baroque Trumpet |
were originally symbols of a monarch’s splendor, but their character changed when various European trading towns and seaports, gaining increasing economic and political power, began employing trumpeters to play at municipal functions and from town towers. Apart from purely signaling duties (giving warning of fires, announcing the arrival of ships, and of strangers riding into the town) they were responsible for playing chorales (hymn tunes), participating in church ceremonies, and providing a musical framework for festive events. Their day generally began with the playing of a chorale at about four a.m., when laborers started work; they again played chorales at about 10 or 11 am for the lunch break, about noon when work began again, and at the end of the day about 9 p.m. In addition to brief chorales they played four or five “substantial pieces” of “appropriate length”. The tower trumpeters were instructed “In honor of Almighty God”, and to arouse a sense of Christian piety, to play a sacred psalm with all diligence, and to
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Baroque Tromones |
make it heard everywhere, so that gentlemen and guild masters, together with all other members of the community, may derive a true sense of wellbeing therefrom.” They and their assistants had also “with their instruments to help support the choir in churches where there is figural singing.” For tower music the strident signal horn was generally replaced by trumpets, coronets, and trombones. Straightforward chorales in “simple settings”, choral arrangements in several parts, free canons, tower sonatas and suite movements were often performed in an improvisatory manner by the master tower trumpeter, his assistants, and apprentices. Details of the practice of improvisation at that time are given in the trumpet tutor “Tutta l’arte della Trombetta” (1614) by Cesare Bendinelli (c. 1542-1617), who was born at Verona but worked in Vienna and Munich. He considered five trumpets the ideal number to comprise a group (or ten, if they had to play in ensemble from different positions), and he wrote out only the second of the five instrumental parts. This “sonata” part (described by other writers as the “quinta” or “principal”) was accompanied note for note by the third trumpeter, playing the next lower note in the natural harmonic series, while the fourth and fifth players sustained fundamental notes; the highest part, known as the “clarion” was played as a kind of descant in the high fourth octave of the natural series, and was regarded as very difficult. In some places, as at Zwickau, tower music was played “for the greater adornment of the town by comparison with others:, but for the most part the element of spiritual uplift was probably in the foreground, as is suggested by what J. Kuhnau wrote in 1700: “When on festive occasions our town musicians blow a sacred song from the tower with loud trombones we are moved beyond all measure, and imagine we hear the angels singing.” The Christmas song “In dulci jubilo”, which with its mixture of Latin and German words can be traced back to the 14th century, was one of the earliest pieces for which trumpets were specifically demanded. After Praetorius had introduced a six-part trumpet ensemble (consisting of two clarini, principal, “alter bass”, “volgan” and “grob”) into a vocal composition in 1618, Samuel Scheidt’s “Cantiones sacrae” of 1620 retain only the clarini,
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Clarini aka a Clarin Trumpet |
which decorate the chorale melody, and particularly at the end very richly embellish it.
One of the centers of German trumpet artistry during the second half of the 17th century was Leipzig. During the 15th century the Emperor had granted to certain Imperial cities and trading towns the privilege of employing trumpeters. In 1620, however, a dispute arose between the Leipzig authorities and the Court of Saxony, because Thomascantor Schein had made a setting of Psalm 150 “in accordance with the words, for trumpets and timpani,” to be performed at the wedding of a master builder. Only the fact that the music was played in a church pacified the Court trumpeters, who had regarded this incident as an infringement of their exclusive rights. An enviable reputation was acquired in Leipzig by the “well-tried clarion player” Johann Pezel, who in 1670 published a “Hora decimal” (containing 40 five-part Sonatas for two coronets and three trombones), and followed this in 1685 with “Five-part Wind Music:. This collection consists of 76 pieces in all (including 40 Intradas, 12 Sarabands and 10 Balli), and it forms one of the most important sources of information concerning the art of town musicians in Germany. Like Hans Leo Hassler’s “Pleasure Garden of new German songs, ballets, galliards, and intradas”, which appeared at Nuremberg in 1601, Pezel’s collection is restricted to the realization of brief melodic and rhythmic formule on a single chordal basis.
Compositions for several bodies of performers written in Northern Italy, principally for St. Mark’s Cathedral in Venice (whose galleries could accommodate up to a hundred singers and instrumentalists in widely separated groups) were primarily in the nature of ceremonial music. They were a feature of the Renaissance – static but impressive in their use of antiphony. Of prime importance in all the works of this kind recorded here is the spatial effect of the alternation between the various groups of instruments (High, medium, and low pitched). A four-part texture could take over the role of a single part, as is demonstrated by Gussago’s sonata “La Porcellaga” and the eight-part Canzone by Gabrieli, originally conceived for voices and adapted for wind instruments. The stylistic contents of these popular Canzoni (there was no clear-cut terminological or musical line dividing such a piece from a “Sinfonia”) are displayed almost academically in the works of Gabrieli, Viadana and Bartolino; the repeated notes and lively rhythms point to the derivation of such music from the French chanson, as imitative (i.e. canonic or fugal) sections alternate with others which are homophonic. Frequent changes between quadruple and triple time, relics of the ancient mensural system, indicate the poles between which this music has its being – festive solemnity and vigorous energy.
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